Intro:
a) DNA is in all living things including bacteria. plants, animals and most cell types. The carrier of the genetic information consisting of hair, skin, and eye color, facial features and everything that hs to do with the appearance of people. It also carries info for the cells to do their normal function and are known as the "blueprints". This consists of your father's and your mother's DNA.
DNA looks the same in everything but seeing your DNA is cool, knowing that it is the info that constructs you. The extraction is simple and is done by scientists all the time from different organisms.
b) Everyday scientists use the DNA to make new discoveries through the code embedded in the strands. These new discoveries include cures for diseases tat could be the answer to the people suffering.
c) 15ml tube, saline solution, plastic cup, plastic pipette, cold alcohol.
d) The DNA when extracting will appear in a cloudy bunch on the top of the alcohol.
Procedure:
Get a 15 ml tube and put 3ml of saline solution in the tube.
gently chew the inside of the4 cheeks
take the solution and swish it in the mouth for 30 sec
spit the solution back into the cup and then put back into tube
get the tube and put 2ml of lysis buffer in it
put the cap on the tube and invert the tube 5 times
add 100 ml of protease
put cap back on and invert
place the tube in the 50 degree celsius bath for 10 mins
add the 10 ml of cold alcohol
let sit for 5 mins
after invert the tube to help the DNA gather
get the plastic pipette and extract the DNA
Results/Observations:
After adding the lysis buffer the liquid seemed to thicken and when we were done the DNA clouded up and gathered up into a ball.
Disussion:
a) The hypothesis we all got was as we thought would happen, we thought the DNA would form when the alcohol was put in the tube.
b) When we got the DNA there seemed to not have as much DNA as i thought there was going to be. I may have needed to chew on my cheeks a little more or better to have more cheek cells.
Wednesday, September 22, 2010
Tuesday, September 7, 2010
BACT to the yogurt
Intro:
During the 1800's the the fear of microbial spread diseases because of the people that died were dying for no reason. Some of the early scientists which included a man that his name was Koch, a german scientist that wanted to prove the reason of is microbial deaths. In which he formed the Koch postulates that is described as a unethical and dangerous to experiential on humans so they would use animals to study further in e fields of humans disease.
Milk will turn into yogurt and tic ken over time after the bacteria has been introduced also put in one phrase the "yogurt disease". But using Koch's postulate it will prove that the "yogurtness disease" is not in the yogurt. This experient will tell if the micro bacteria is the cause if the yogurtness disease. While yogurt is getting the bad rap of causeing yogurtness disease the store bought yogurt is perfectly healthy and is very healthy. Only a flew small amount of have caused disease in humans but, the healthy bacteria outwieghs the bad and is good for digestion and makes you healthier.
Ampicillin may casue allergic reactions that could infect the body from the eyes, respritory system, and the skin. If contact is made in the eyes rinse out right after with water and get medical attention. Wearing protective can prevent these situations from happening. Ampicillin is a antibiotic and people with allergies should aviod the contact with the antibotic which could include penicillin.
Bacteria, the most important life form on Earth has more bacteria than species on the Earth. Bacteria can be found anywhere from: soil, durt, water, animals, in and on plants, in and on humans and also underground. Being classifed as prokaryotes, single-celled that are too small to be seen without a microscope. Unlike eukaryotes there is not seperate place that the bacteria stores their DNA. Some characteristics also include the can grow tail to use for movement, sometimes they form chains (some will be seen in the lab). But when we think of bacteria we unfortunatly think of disease but there arer only a tiny amount of bacteria that does so and has been part of our history on Earth. The use of antibiotics has lowered the possiblility of those bacteria diseases but has left us on the track of contracting the old diseases. In milk we can find tons of bacteria because milk is a perfect place to find bacteria because it is the cause of spiolage. To prevent this from happening we heat up the milk and rapidly cool it to keep the milk from spoiling longer by killing most of the spoil milk causing bacteria. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek of the Netherlands first saw bacteria in 1676 and called them tiny animals. In 1875 Robert Koch was actually able to prove the germ theory which lead him to set the rules called the Koch's postulates.
The shapes and variety of bacteria are consisted of spherical, rod-shaped, and spiral. Bacteria divide and multiply and over time can become millions and even billions but these form visible colonies. The different types of cell walls classify a differently to each type of bacteria. Being a living organism like human re quire food, which could include sugars to use for their daily fuction or even some bacteria need oxygen from the air to grow. The bacteria found in yogurt are using milk sugar this reaction will cause the milk to thivken or curdle to for the yogurt that we buy in the stores.
Koch's postulaes were a big part of the study of bacteria and provided evidence that they didnt just appear out of nowhere also serve a major role in fermantation. To demonstrate the postulae you must: describe the symptoms shown, isolate and identify the pathogen, use the pure culture to infect the new material, and isolateand identify the organism. The benfits of bacteria are major in the fermentation of foods such as kimchi, sour cream, pickles, cheese and yogurt. Also the other benefits of bacteria include the antibiotics which came from the study of the bacteria and formed the drugs today that fight the bad bacteria.
The Sterile Technique is the aviodance of contamination which can be found everywhere and mostly on ur hands and lab benches. It would be helpful to you and others to clean up the banches when you are done with use.
b) The purpose of the experiment is to show you how to make yogurt and be able to see how bacteria is not only a cause of illness but a cure for it. Showing that not all bacteria is bad will show people that everyday goods are used by bacteria to form the goods we eat and use almost everyday.
c) The equiptment needed includes the 6 plastic tubes, pippets, plastic ring swabs, E.coli bacteria, milk, and a working BRAIN. Some of the key steps which include making sure the tubes dont get cross-contaminated. But, thats why you have to many controls to make sure you didnt accidently get some of the yogurt bacteria in the other tubes.
3. Procedure:
Have 6 tubes of milk that are labeled with varying to different controls....add ampicillin to tube "yogurt+amp"...using a new isolation loop dip into yogurt and swirl into "pos control"...using the same loop dip into "yogurt+amp"...ideentify two colonies on the agar plate and number them 1 & 2...using a fresh incoluation loop, pick the colony #1 and transfer it into the tube "yogurt colony #1" and do the same with #2...using another fresh loop pick an E.coli and put it in tube "E.coli"...place tubes in an incubator. Placing the tubes in the incubator help the bacteria duplicate and also helps the yogurt bacteria duplicate and form yogurt.
YOGURT LAB VIDEO:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PbUoAO8hvcA
5. Discussion:
a) The data we recieved and got from the experiment was different then our hypothesis. Even though we all had a variety of hypothesis's we all came to the conclusion of the yogurt lab was going to be a success. In going through the lab we results came in; which were not as we expected. The yogurt in the tube that used yogurt bacteria wasnt as thick as we thought it would be and ended up smelling a little like yogurt (soury, kind of hard to describe). The control which were the other tubes turned out the way we guessed by the milk turning sour and smelling horrible (especially the E.coli). By using the control we provided evidence that not all bacteria form to make yogurt.
b) In the process of doing the lab, we had some errors that were made along the way which are in the video in the link above. Including in the vortex part where we didnt really hold onto the tubes of milk as they were swished around. Also the fact that we dropped the PH tester paper on the ground for one of the tubes and then having to wipe the yogurt bacteria on the sheet to get the excess off.
During the 1800's the the fear of microbial spread diseases because of the people that died were dying for no reason. Some of the early scientists which included a man that his name was Koch, a german scientist that wanted to prove the reason of is microbial deaths. In which he formed the Koch postulates that is described as a unethical and dangerous to experiential on humans so they would use animals to study further in e fields of humans disease.
Milk will turn into yogurt and tic ken over time after the bacteria has been introduced also put in one phrase the "yogurt disease". But using Koch's postulate it will prove that the "yogurtness disease" is not in the yogurt. This experient will tell if the micro bacteria is the cause if the yogurtness disease. While yogurt is getting the bad rap of causeing yogurtness disease the store bought yogurt is perfectly healthy and is very healthy. Only a flew small amount of have caused disease in humans but, the healthy bacteria outwieghs the bad and is good for digestion and makes you healthier.
Ampicillin may casue allergic reactions that could infect the body from the eyes, respritory system, and the skin. If contact is made in the eyes rinse out right after with water and get medical attention. Wearing protective can prevent these situations from happening. Ampicillin is a antibiotic and people with allergies should aviod the contact with the antibotic which could include penicillin.
Bacteria, the most important life form on Earth has more bacteria than species on the Earth. Bacteria can be found anywhere from: soil, durt, water, animals, in and on plants, in and on humans and also underground. Being classifed as prokaryotes, single-celled that are too small to be seen without a microscope. Unlike eukaryotes there is not seperate place that the bacteria stores their DNA. Some characteristics also include the can grow tail to use for movement, sometimes they form chains (some will be seen in the lab). But when we think of bacteria we unfortunatly think of disease but there arer only a tiny amount of bacteria that does so and has been part of our history on Earth. The use of antibiotics has lowered the possiblility of those bacteria diseases but has left us on the track of contracting the old diseases. In milk we can find tons of bacteria because milk is a perfect place to find bacteria because it is the cause of spiolage. To prevent this from happening we heat up the milk and rapidly cool it to keep the milk from spoiling longer by killing most of the spoil milk causing bacteria. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek of the Netherlands first saw bacteria in 1676 and called them tiny animals. In 1875 Robert Koch was actually able to prove the germ theory which lead him to set the rules called the Koch's postulates.
The shapes and variety of bacteria are consisted of spherical, rod-shaped, and spiral. Bacteria divide and multiply and over time can become millions and even billions but these form visible colonies. The different types of cell walls classify a differently to each type of bacteria. Being a living organism like human re quire food, which could include sugars to use for their daily fuction or even some bacteria need oxygen from the air to grow. The bacteria found in yogurt are using milk sugar this reaction will cause the milk to thivken or curdle to for the yogurt that we buy in the stores.
Koch's postulaes were a big part of the study of bacteria and provided evidence that they didnt just appear out of nowhere also serve a major role in fermantation. To demonstrate the postulae you must: describe the symptoms shown, isolate and identify the pathogen, use the pure culture to infect the new material, and isolateand identify the organism. The benfits of bacteria are major in the fermentation of foods such as kimchi, sour cream, pickles, cheese and yogurt. Also the other benefits of bacteria include the antibiotics which came from the study of the bacteria and formed the drugs today that fight the bad bacteria.
The Sterile Technique is the aviodance of contamination which can be found everywhere and mostly on ur hands and lab benches. It would be helpful to you and others to clean up the banches when you are done with use.
b) The purpose of the experiment is to show you how to make yogurt and be able to see how bacteria is not only a cause of illness but a cure for it. Showing that not all bacteria is bad will show people that everyday goods are used by bacteria to form the goods we eat and use almost everyday.
c) The equiptment needed includes the 6 plastic tubes, pippets, plastic ring swabs, E.coli bacteria, milk, and a working BRAIN. Some of the key steps which include making sure the tubes dont get cross-contaminated. But, thats why you have to many controls to make sure you didnt accidently get some of the yogurt bacteria in the other tubes.
3. Procedure:
Have 6 tubes of milk that are labeled with varying to different controls....add ampicillin to tube "yogurt+amp"...using a new isolation loop dip into yogurt and swirl into "pos control"...using the same loop dip into "yogurt+amp"...ideentify two colonies on the agar plate and number them 1 & 2...using a fresh incoluation loop, pick the colony #1 and transfer it into the tube "yogurt colony #1" and do the same with #2...using another fresh loop pick an E.coli and put it in tube "E.coli"...place tubes in an incubator. Placing the tubes in the incubator help the bacteria duplicate and also helps the yogurt bacteria duplicate and form yogurt.
YOGURT LAB VIDEO:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PbUoAO8hvcA
5. Discussion:
a) The data we recieved and got from the experiment was different then our hypothesis. Even though we all had a variety of hypothesis's we all came to the conclusion of the yogurt lab was going to be a success. In going through the lab we results came in; which were not as we expected. The yogurt in the tube that used yogurt bacteria wasnt as thick as we thought it would be and ended up smelling a little like yogurt (soury, kind of hard to describe). The control which were the other tubes turned out the way we guessed by the milk turning sour and smelling horrible (especially the E.coli). By using the control we provided evidence that not all bacteria form to make yogurt.
b) In the process of doing the lab, we had some errors that were made along the way which are in the video in the link above. Including in the vortex part where we didnt really hold onto the tubes of milk as they were swished around. Also the fact that we dropped the PH tester paper on the ground for one of the tubes and then having to wipe the yogurt bacteria on the sheet to get the excess off.
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